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Ali Mahdi Muhammad

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Ali Mahdi Muhammad
علي مهدي محمد
Muhammad in 2020
4th President of Somalia
In office
26 January 1991 – 27 August 2000
Vice PresidentAbdulkadir Aden
Omar Moallim
Preceded byMohamed Siad Barre
Succeeded byAbdiqasim Salad Hassan
Personal details
Born(1939-01-01)1 January 1939
Jowhar, Somalia Governorate, Italian East Africa (modern-day Somalia)
Died10 March 2021(2021-03-10) (aged 82)
Nairobi, Kenya
NationalitySomali
Political partyUnited Somali Congress

Ali Mahdi Muhammad (Somali: Cali Mahdi Maxamed, Arabic: علي مهدي محمد) (1 January 1939 – 10 March 2021) was a Somali entrepreneur and politician. He served as President of Somalia from 26 January 1991 to 27 August 1993. The Cairo Agreement in December 1997 designated Ali Mahdi as president once again, a position he held until being succeeded by Abdiqasim Salad in the year 2000.[1]

Muhammad rose to power after a coalition of armed opposition groups, including his own United Somali Congress, deposed longtime dictator Siad Barre. However, Muhammad was not able to exert his authority beyond parts of the capital, and instead vied for power with other faction leaders in the southern half of the country and with autonomous subnational entities in the north.[2]

Ali Mahdi was the primary rival of General Muhammad Farah Aidid, as both claimed to lead national unity governments, and each vied to lead the reconstruction of the Somali state.[3]

Early life

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Muhammad was born in 1939,[4] in Jowhar, an agricultural town in the southern Middle Shabelle region of Somalia (then a colony of Italy known as Italian Somaliland). His family hails from the Hawiye clan (Harti Abgaal Agoonyar).[4]

Career

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United Somali Congress

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Main articles: Somali Rebellion and United Somali Congress

Muhammad began his career in business, working as an independent Mogadishu-based entrepreneur and first entered politics in 1968, competing for a parliamentary seat in Mogadishu.[5] After fallout from the unsuccessful Ogaden campaign of the late 1970s, the Siad Barre administration began arresting government and military officials under suspicion of participation in the abortive 1978 coup d'état.[6][7] Most of the people who had allegedly helped plot the putsch were summarily executed.[8] However, several officials managed to escape abroad and started to form the first of various dissident groups dedicated to ousting Barre's regime by force.[9]

By the late 1980s, Barre's regime had grown considerably unpopular. The authorities became increasingly totalitarian, and resistance movements, supported by Ethiopia's communist Derg administration, sprang up across the country.[10]

Mahdi—Aidid conflict

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General Mohamed Farah Aidid was chosen to lead the military campaign for the United Somali Congress against the regime, and he was soon persuaded to leave New Delhi and return to Somalia.[11] At the time, the USC was effectively divided into three regional factions: USC-Rome, USC-Mogadishu, and later USC-Ethiopia. Ali Mahdi, who later became Aidid’s main rival, opposed his involvement and backed the Rome faction, which also resented Aidid. The first major USC split emerged in June 1990 when Mahdi and the Rome faction rejected Aidid’s election as chairman, disputing the vote’s validity.[12] From base camps near the Somali-Ethiopian border, Aidid began directing the final military offensive of the newly formed United Somali Congress to seize Mogadishu and topple the regime.[13] By November 1990, Aidid’s USC forces had overrun Barre’s 21st Army in the regions of Mudug, Galgudud, and Hiran, signaling an imminent war in Mogadishu.[14]

Eventually came the full outbreak of the Somali civil war, the gradual breakup of the Somali Armed Forces, and the toppling of the Barre regime in Mogadishu on 26 January 1991. Following the power vacuum left by the fall of Barre, the situation in Somalia began to rapidly spiral out of control, and rebel factions subsequently began to fight for control of the remnants of the Somali state. Most notably, the split between the two main factions of the United Somali Congress (USC), led by Aidid and his rival Ali Mahdi, would result in serious fighting and significant swathes of Mogadishu would consequently destroyed as both factions attempted to exert control over the city.[15][16]

Both Ali Mahdi and Aidid claimed to lead national unity governments, and each vied to lead the reconstruction of the Somali state.[3]

Interim presidency and UN intervention

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In 1991, a multi-phased international conference on Somalia was held in neighbouring Djibouti. Aidid boycotted the first meeting in protest. Due to the legitimacy conferred on Muhammad by the Djibouti conference, he was subsequently recognized by the international community as the new President of Somalia. Djibouti, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Italy were among the countries that officially extended recognition to Muhammad's administration.[17] However, Mahdi was not able to exert his authority beyond parts of the capital, and instead vied for power with other faction leaders in the southern half of the country and with autonomous subnational entities in the north.[2] The competition for influence and resources between Muhammad and Aidid continued on through the 1992–95 United Nations missions to Somalia (UNOSOM I, UNOSOM II, and UNITAF), until Aidid's eventual death in 1996.

During the 1992 famine, law enforcement services across Somalia collapsed, looters—some of who were linked to both Ali Mahdi and Aidid’s now demobilized rebel forces—raided supply routes and storage sites. Following the rout of former President Barres forces, Mahdi and Aidid, lacking funds and a unifying military threat, struggled to control their younger fighters, some of whom turned to food theft for survival. As security deteriorated, UNOSOM I was established in April 1992 under Mohamed Sahnoun to facilitate humanitarian aid delivery.[18] The shift to more aggressive UNOSOM II mission during 1993 raised suspicions among a wide spectrum of Somalis about the intentions of foreign troops. Concerns were voiced about the UN's possible attempts to reestablish a trusteeship. While Aidid's faction was particularly vocal about these apprehensions, Ali Mahdi also expressed similar concerns.[19] The Bloody Monday raid of 12 July 1993 carried out in Mogadishu by American troops elicited such a strong reaction from the Somali public that even Ali Mahdi's forces began displaying open contempt for UNOSOM forces.[20]

In 2000, Muhammad participated in another conference in Djibouti, where he lost a re-election bid to Barre's former Interior Minister Abdiqasim Salad Hassan. Muhammad gave a concession speech, indicating that he respected the outcome of the election and would support and work with the new President-elect.

Death

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Ali Mahdi Muhammad died on 10 March 2021, in Nairobi, Kenya, after contracting COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya.[21]

References

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  1. ^ "Somalia - The warlords make peace at last | International | The Economist". www.economist.com. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Somalia: Some key actors in the transitional process". IRIN. May 6, 2005. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved February 7, 2007.
  3. ^ a b Ingiriis, Mohamed Haji (2016). The Suicidal State in Somalia : The Rise and Fall of the Siad Barre Regime (1969-1991). UPA. ISBN 978-0-7618-6719-7. OCLC 951539094.
  4. ^ a b Metz, Helen Chapin, ed. (1993). Somalia: a country study. The Division. p. 155. ISBN 0844407755. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
  5. ^ Whitaker's Almanack World Heads of State, 1998, Stationery Office: Roger East, page 222
  6. ^ ARR: Arab report and record, (Economic Features, ltd.: 1978), p.602.
  7. ^ Ahmed III, Abdul. "Brothers in Arms Part I" (PDF). WardheerNews. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 3, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
  8. ^ New People Media Centre, New people, Issues 94–105, (New People Media Centre: Comboni Missionaries, 2005).
  9. ^ Nina J. Fitzgerald, Somalia: issues, history, and bibliography, (Nova Publishers: 2002), p.25.
  10. ^ Library Information and Research Service, The Middle East: Abstracts and index, Volume 2, (Library Information and Research Service: 1999), p.327.
  11. ^ Biddle, Stephen D (July 26, 2022). Nonstate warfare : the military methods of guerillas, warlords, and militias. Princeton University Press. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-691-21666-9. OCLC 1328017938. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  12. ^ Drysdale 1994, pp. 15–16.
  13. ^ Richburg, Keith (September 8, 1992). "AIDEED: WARLORD IN A FAMISHED LAND". Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
  14. ^ Drysdale 1994, pp. 20–28.
  15. ^ Library Information and Research Service, The Middle East: Abstracts and Index, Volume 2, (Library Information and Research Service: 1999), p. 327.
  16. ^ Ahmed III, Abdul. "Brothers in Arms Part Forces I" (PDF). WardheerNews. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 3, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
  17. ^ Paul Fricska, Szilard. "Harbinger of a New World Order? Humanitarian Intervention in Somalia" (PDF). University of British Columbia. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 16, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
  18. ^ Drysdale 1994, p. 41-42.
  19. ^ Pouligny 2006, p. 176.
  20. ^ Peifer, Douglas C. (2009). Stopping Mass Killings in Africa: Genocide, Airpower, and Intervention. DIANE Publishing. pp. 33–35. ISBN 978-1-4379-1281-4.
  21. ^ "Former Somali president Ali Mahdi dies in Nairobi". Citizentv.co.ke. March 10, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2021.

Sources

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Political offices
Preceded by President of Somalia
1991–1997; 1997–2000 		Succeeded by
Vacant - post next held by Abdiqasim Salad Hassan
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