Lake Pedder
| Lake Pedder | |
|---|---|
 Lake Pedder, c. 1970 | |
  Lake Pedder | |
 Map showing Lake Pedder in Tasmania | |
| Location | South West Tasmania |
| Coordinates | 42°56′S 146°08′E / 42.933°S 146.133°E |
| Type | |
| Etymology | Sir John Pedder |
| Part of | Upper Gordon River hydroelectric generation scheme |
| Primary inflows | Frankland Range |
| River sources | |
| Primary outflows |
|
| Catchment area | 734 km2 (283 sq mi) |
| Basin countries | Australia |
| Construction engineer | Hydro Tasmania |
| First flooded | 1972 |
| Surface area | 242 km2 (93 sq mi) |
| Average depth | 13–16 m (43–52 ft) (as a reservoir) |
| Max. depth |
|
| Water volume | 2.9 km3 (0.70 cu mi) |
| Surface elevation | 300 m (980 ft) |
| Islands |
|
| References | [1] |
Lake Pedder, once a glacial outwash lake, is a man-made impoundment and diversion lake located in South West Tasmania, Australia. In addition to its natural catchment from the Frankland Range, the lake is formed by the 1972 damming of the Serpentine and Huon rivers by the Hydro-Electric Commission for the purpose of hydroelectric power generation. Consequently, the lake is also known, somewhat derisively, as the Huon-Serpentine Impoundment.[2]
As a result, the flooded Lake Pedder now has a surface area of approximately 242 square kilometres (93 sq mi), making it Tasmania's second largest lake.[1][3][4]
The original and modified lake
[edit]In early 20th century the original lake was named after John Pedder, the first Chief Justice of Tasmania. The new artificial impoundment received the official name of the original lake. Although the new Lake Pedder incorporates the original lake, it does not resemble it in size, appearance or ecology.
The new lake consists of an impoundment contained by three dams:
- Serpentine Dam – a 38-metre (125 ft) high rockfill dam with a concrete upstream face on the Serpentine River.[5]
- Scotts Peak Dam – a 43-metre (141 ft) high rockfill dam with a bitumen upstream face on the upper reaches of the Huon River near Scotts Peak.[5]
- Edgar Dam – a 17-metre (56 ft) high rockfill dam at Lake Edgar near Scotts Peak.[5]
The dams were designed and constructed by Tasmania's Hydro Electric Commission (HEC) as part of the Upper Gordon River hydro-electric generation scheme. The aim of this scheme was to increase Tasmania's capacity to generate hydro-electricity in accordance with the Tasmanian Government's policy of attempting to attract secondary industry to the State with the incentive of cheap renewable energy.
The new Huon Serpentine impoundment, which filled after the dams were completed in 1972, drains into Lake Gordon via the McPartlan Pass Canal.[6] Together, the lakes form the biggest water catchment and storage system in Australia.[7]
Climate
[edit]Lake Pedder has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb).
| Climate data for Lake Pedder (Scotts Peak Dam) (1992–2022) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 38.6 (101.5) |
35.9 (96.6) |
37.5 (99.5) |
29.1 (84.4) |
22.0 (71.6) |
15.7 (60.3) |
17.1 (62.8) |
22.5 (72.5) |
25.2 (77.4) |
30.6 (87.1) |
34.8 (94.6) |
36.3 (97.3) |
38.6 (101.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 21.2 (70.2) |
21.2 (70.2) |
18.6 (65.5) |
14.9 (58.8) |
11.6 (52.9) |
9.8 (49.6) |
9.3 (48.7) |
10.4 (50.7) |
12.4 (54.3) |
14.9 (58.8) |
17.8 (64.0) |
19.0 (66.2) |
15.1 (59.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 9.5 (49.1) |
9.4 (48.9) |
8.5 (47.3) |
6.9 (44.4) |
5.5 (41.9) |
4.0 (39.2) |
3.3 (37.9) |
3.4 (38.1) |
4.3 (39.7) |
5.2 (41.4) |
6.9 (44.4) |
8.0 (46.4) |
6.2 (43.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 2.6 (36.7) |
3.3 (37.9) |
1.3 (34.3) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−1 (30) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
−1 (30) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
1.5 (34.7) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 95.2 (3.75) |
81.9 (3.22) |
120.4 (4.74) |
132.6 (5.22) |
191.6 (7.54) |
181.4 (7.14) |
211.9 (8.34) |
229.7 (9.04) |
210.8 (8.30) |
165.8 (6.53) |
111.2 (4.38) |
143.2 (5.64) |
1,927.8 (75.90) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 17.4 | 15.8 | 19.3 | 21.8 | 25.8 | 25.8 | 27.1 | 26.4 | 25.5 | 24.5 | 19.7 | 20.2 | 269.3 |
| Average afternoon relative humidity (%) | 58 | 59 | 66 | 74 | 82 | 86 | 85 | 81 | 76 | 69 | 62 | 63 | 72 |
| Source: Bureau of Meteorology[8] | |||||||||||||
Damming
[edit]There were protests in Tasmania and mainland Australia at the flooding of the original lake, before, during and after construction of the dams. Protests began when in 1967 the Tasmanian Government revoked the status of the Lake Pedder National Park that had protected the lake since 1955. The role of the HEC as a surrogate wing of the Tasmanian government was perceived when the political or wider social dissent against the HEC power over the Tasmanian environment seemed impregnable. Tasmania's political leader, Premier Eric Reece and Allan Knight, the HEC Commissioner, were seen as the leading proponents of the 'damming' of Tasmania against any opinion to the contrary, and were not averse to taking their opinions to statewide and national advertising campaigns asserting their right to dam the lake.[9]
Reece was well known for his staunch support of the HEC and its power development schemes on the Gordon River, which earned him the nickname "Electric Eric".[10] In 1972, Reece approved the flooding of Lake Pedder, which proceeded despite a determined protest movement and a blank cheque offer from Prime Minister Gough Whitlam to preserve the Lake Pedder area. Reece refused Whitlam's offer, stating that he would "not have the Federal Government interfering with the sovereign rights of Tasmania".[11]
"There was a National Park out there, but I can't remember exactly where it was . . . at least, it wasn't of substantial significance in the scheme of things. The thing that was significant was that we had to double the output of power in this state in ten years in order [to] supply the demands of industry and the community. And this was the scheme that looked as though it could do a greater part of [the] job for us."
A series of photographs in the 1976 Tasmanian Year book illustrated the process of flooding of the Lake Pedder area.[13]
Community response
[edit]Opposition to the flooding of Lake Pedder extended well beyond Tasmania and spread throughout Australia and internationally. The focus on the South West Tasmania Wilderness area as an environmental battleground increased interest in the area, and many travelled to Lake Pedder before it was flooded to see what the issues were about.
In 1971, a large number of people travelled to Pedder to see the lake before it was to be inundated, and a particular weekend in March of that year became known as the Pedder Pilgrimage due to the large number of people present.[14]
The protests included the United Tasmania Group who were the precursor to the Tasmanian Greens and are now recognised as the world's first green party. The group that preceded the Tasmanian Wilderness Society – the South West Tasmania Action Committee continued after the flooding, with the knowledge that surveying and appraising other catchments in the south west and west of Tasmania was well underway by the HEC. Although increasingly sophisticated economic, environmental and engineering arguments were raised by the opponents of the dam, it was not until the Franklin scheme that either the Hydro or its defenders were even considering the critiques. In 1972, the Christian activist Brenda Hean perished with pilot Max Price in a tiger moth aircraft they were flying from Tasmania to Canberra to protest the damming of Lake Pedder; it was alleged that pro-dam campaigners had entered the plane's hangar and placed sugar in one of its fuel tanks.[10]: 280–281
Hesba Fay Brinsmead, an Australian children's author and environmentalist, wrote two books about the damming of Lake Pedder:
- Echo in the Wilderness is a children's novel set on Lake Pedder on the eve of its flooding (published 1972)
- I Will Not Say the Day Is Done (her only non-fiction/adult book) describes the struggle to save Lake Pedder (published 1983)
Concerns over the construction of the dam revolved around the loss of the distinctive pink quartzite beach of the original lake, and an increased understanding of the unique nature of the wilderness quality to the south west of Tasmania. This developed further with the Franklin Dam issue.
In 1994, a campaign group was launched called Pedder 2000.[15][16] They proposed, unsuccessfully, the draining and restoration of the lake to its original state. There is an ongoing low-key campaign with the same goal by the group known as the Lake Pedder Action Committee which remains active.[17]
A controversial and contested name
[edit]As is the case in many land use, land ownership and territorial disputes, the name currently officially assigned to this body of water has considerable significance. It is also important in terms of understanding the technical status of the body of water as a component of a hydro-electric scheme.
From a technical, hydro-electric scheme point of view, the current Lake Pedder can be correctly termed a lake or reservoir as the water from Lake Pedder can flow into Lake Gordon via the McPartlan's Pass canal and is thereby connected to the Gordon power station.[18] However, people opposed to the flooding of the original lake do not accept the legitimacy of the official, gazetted name of Lake Pedder for the body of water that drowned it in 1972. Instead, they prefer to use the name Huon–Serpentine Impoundment. This name denotes the two major rivers dammed to create the current lake (Huon and Serpentine) and describes the technical status of the lake as an element of a hydro-electric scheme (impoundment) more accurately than the terms lake or reservoir.[19] Bushwalkers sometimes informally refer to it as "Fake Pedder".[20][21]
Lake Pedder extinctions
[edit]The Lake Pedder earthworm (Hypolimnus pedderensis) is only known by the type specimen collected from a beach on Lake Pedder, Tasmania in 1971. After the flooding of the lake, this invertebrate was never seen again. A 1996 survey that sought to determine whether the species still existed in the area failed to find any examples. Since 2003 the Lake Pedder Earthworm has been listed as extinct on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[22]
An extinction claimed to have occurred after the flooding is that of the Lake Pedder planarian (Romankenkius pedderensis), an endemic flatworm. Since 1996 this invertebrate has also been listed as extinct on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[23] In 2012, the continued existence of this species was reported.[24]
The Pedder galaxias, an Australian freshwater fish, is considered extinct in its natural habitat of Lake Pedder and its tributaries, although it still exists in captivity and in two translocated populations, one at Lake Oberon in the Western Arthurs mountain range[25] and the other at a modified water supply dam near Strathgordon.[26]
Restoration Campaign
[edit]To coincide with the United Nations Decade of Ecological Restoration, 2021–2030, the Lake Pedder Restoration Committee is aiming to have the lake restored to its original state.[27] The committee, convened by Christine Milne with support from Todd Dudley, Bob Brown, Paul Thomas and Tabatha Badger, plans to have an Ecological Management Plan to restore the original Lake Pedder and surrounding iconic ecosystems.
Gallery
[edit]-
Shores of Lake Pedder, c. 1970. -
Photograph of Lake Pedder Beach, March 1966.
See also
[edit]
- List of reservoirs and dams in Tasmania
- List of lakes in Tasmania
- Gordon Power Station
- Olegas Truchanas
- Olegas (opera)
- The South West Book
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Register of Large Dams in Australia" (Excel-XLS). Dams information. Australian National Committee on Large Dams. 2012. sheet "TAS", column "name of reservoir", value "Lake Pedder". Retrieved 1 June 2018.
- ^ "Facts & Resources". Restore Lake Pedder. n.d. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
- ^ "The Gordon Catchment". Hydro Tasmania. Archived from the original on 22 July 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
- ^ House of Representatives Standing Committee on Environment, Recreation and the Arts (June 1995). Inquiry into the proposal to drain and restore Lake Pedder (PDF) (Report). Australian Government Publishing Service. p. 242. ISBN 0-644-45259-5. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
- ^ a b c Gordon River – more power to Tasmania Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, www.wheretostay.com.au, Accessed 29 November 2009
- ^ The Hydro after 100 Years EHA Magazine March 2015 page 19
- ^ "Gordon-Pedder". Our power stations. Hydro Tasmania. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
- ^ "Scotts Peak Dam". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
- ^ McKenry, Keith, Pedder Papers – Anatomy of a Decision, 1972, chapter: A History and critical analysis of the controversy concerning the Gordon River Power Scheme, pages 9 – 39, publisher: Australian Conservation Foundation
- ^ a b Millwood, Scott (2008). Whatever happened to Brenda Hean?. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 9781741756111.
- ^ Lake Pedder 30th Anniversary, Dimensions in Time (ABC TV), 10 June 2002.
- ^ TimeFrame: Lake Pedder, ABC TV.
- ^ Reid, Vern (1976), "Tasmanian Year Book No. 10", Tasmanian Year Book (B&W photos), Australian Bureau of Statistics: 248–249, not indexed, ISSN 0082-2116
- ^ page 11 of Walker, PF (1987), The United Tasmania Group, retrieved 18 November 2018
- ^ Mosley, J. G. (John Geoffrey); Lake Pedder Study Group; Pedder 2000 (Organization) (1994), How Lake Pedder can be restored, Pedder 2000, ISBN 978-0-646-22388-9
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Sharples, C. E. (Chris E.); University of Tasmania. Centre for Environmental Studies; Symposium on Lake Pedder : Values and Restoration (1995 : University of Tasmania) (2001), Lake Pedder : values and restoration : the proceedings of a symposium held on 8th April 1995 at the University of Tasmania, Hobart (1st ed.), Centre for Environmental Studies, Dept. of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, ISBN 978-0-85901-970-5
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Lake Pedder Restoration Committee
- ^ "Scotts Park Dam" (PDF). Engineers Australia. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
- ^ McConnel, Anne. "The Cultural Heritage of the Huon-Serpentine Impoundment, and an assessment of the effects of the restoration of Lake Pedder" (PDF). Lake Pedder Restoration Committee. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
- ^ "Lake Pedder – the victim of an ignorant time". The Habitat Advocate. 16 September 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
- ^ "Pedder campaign gains momentum". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 7 July 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
- ^ "Hypolimnus pedderensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
- ^ "Romankenkius pedderensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
- ^ Forteath, G. N. R.; Osborn, A. W. (2012). Survival of endemic invertebrates of Lake Pedder and Lake Edgar subsequent to inundation. Records of the Queen Victoria Museum. ISSN 0085-5278.
- ^ "The Extinction Website". Archived from the original on 13 October 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
- ^ "Galaxias pedderensis". Species Profile and Threats Database, Department of the Environment and Heritage. Canberra: Australian Department of the Environment and Heritage. 2006.
- ^ "Restore Pedder". Wild. 28 April 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
Further reading
[edit]- Buckman, Greg (2008), Tasmania's Wilderness Battles A History, Allen & Unwin, ISBN 978-1-74176-487-1
- Gee, Helen; Fenton, Janet, eds. (1978), The south west book: a Tasmanian wilderness, Australian Conservation Foundation, ISBN 978-0-85802-056-6
- Green, Roger; Lea, G. (1984), Battle for the Franklin: conversations with the combatants in the struggle for south west Tasmania, Fontana/Australian Conservation Foundation, ISBN 978-0-00-636715-4
- Lines, William J. (2006), Patriots: defending Australia's natural heritage, University of Queensland Press, ISBN 978-0-7022-3554-2
- Neilson, David (1975), South West Tasmania: a land of the wild, Rigby, ISBN 978-0-85179-874-5
- Thompson, Peter (1981), Power in Tasmania, Australian Conservation Foundation, ISBN 978-0-85802-067-2
External links
[edit]
- "Gordon-Pedder". Our power stations. Hydro Tasmania. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
- Position in World Heritage Area – Tasmanian National Parks
- Panorama of new Lake Pedder – Photograph
- National Archives original documents relating to Lake Pedder
- "Inquiry into the Proposal to Drain and Restore Lake Pedder" (PDF). House of Representatives Standing Committee on Environment, Recreation and the Art. Parliament of Australia. June 1995.
| Coastal lagoons and lakes | |
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| Freshwater | |
| Glacial | |
| Salt | |
| Man-made reservoirs | |
| International | |
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